SVG uses styling properties to describe many of its document parameters. Styling properties define how the graphics elements in the SVG content are to be rendered. SVG uses styling properties for the following:
SVG shares many of its styling properties with CSS [CSS2] and XSL [XSL]. Except for any additional SVG-specific rules explicitly mentioned in this specification, the normative definition of properties that are shared with CSS and XSL is the definition of the property from the CSS2 specification [CSS2].
The following properties are shared between CSS2 and SVG. Most of these properties are also defined in XSL:
The following SVG properties are not defined in CSS2. The complete normative definitions for these properties are found in this specification:
A table that lists and summarizes the styling properties can be found in the Property Index.
SVG has many usage scenarios, each with different needs. Here are three common usage scenarios:
SVG content used as an exchange format (style sheet language-independent):
In some usage scenarios, reliable interoperability of SVG content across software tools is the main goal. Since support for a particular style sheet language is not guaranteed across all implementations, it is a requirement that SVG content can be fully specified without the use of a style sheet language.
SVG content generated as the output from XSLT:
XSLT offers the ability to take a stream of arbitrary XML content as input, apply potentially complex transformations, and then generate SVG content as output [XSLT]. XSLT can be used to transform XML data extracted from databases into an SVG graphical representation of that data. It is a requirement that fully specified SVG content can be generated from XSLT.
SVG content styled with CSS:
CSS is a widely implemented declarative language for assigning styling properties to XML content, including SVG [CSS2]. It represents a combination of features, simplicity and compactness that makes it very suitable for many applications of SVG. It is a requirement that CSS styling can be applied to SVG content.
Styling properties can be assigned to SVG elements in the following two ways:
Presentation attributes
Styling properties can be assigned using SVG's presentation attributes. For each styling property defined in this specification, there is a corresponding XML presentation attribute available on all relevant SVG elements. Detailed information on the presentation attributes can be found in Specifying properties using the presentation attributes.
The presentation attributes are style sheet language independent and thus are applicable to usage scenario 1 above (i.e., tool interoperability). Because it is straightforward to assign values to XML attributes from XSLT, the presentation attributes are well-suited to usage scenario 2 above (i.e., SVG generation from XSLT). (See Styling with XSL below.)
Conforming SVG Interpreters and Conforming SVG Viewers are required to support SVG's presentation attributes.
CSS Stylesheets
To support usage scenario 3 above, SVG content can be styled with CSS. For more information, see Styling with CSS.
Conforming SVG Interpreters and Conforming SVG Viewers that support CSS styling of generic (i.e., text-based) XML content are required to also support CSS styling of SVG content.
For each styling property defined in this specification (see Property Index), there is a corresponding XML attribute (the presentation attribute) with the same name that is available on all relevant SVG elements. For example, SVG has a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½fillÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ property that defines how to paint the interior of a shape. There is a corresponding presentation attribute with the same name (i.e., Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½fillÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢) that can be used to specify a value for the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½fillÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ property on a given element.
The following example shows how the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½fillÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ and Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½strokeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ properties can be specified on a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½rectÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ using the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½fillÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ and Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½strokeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ presentation attributes. The rectangle will be filled with red and outlined with blue:
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1"
width="10cm" height="5cm" viewBox="0 0 1000 500">
<rect x="200" y="100" width="600" height="300"
fill="red" stroke="blue" stroke-width="3"/>
</svg>View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)
The presentation attributes offer the following advantages:
In some situations, SVG content that uses the presentation attributes has potential limitations versus SVG content that is styled with a style sheet language such as CSS (see Styling with CSS). In other situations, such as when an XSLT style sheet generates SVG content from semantically rich XML source files, the limitations below may not apply. Depending on the situation, some of the following potential limitations may or may not apply to the presentation attributes:
For user agents that support CSS, the presentation attributes must be translated to corresponding CSS style rules according to rules described in Precedence of non-CSS presentational hints ([CSS2], section 6.4.4), with the additional clarification that the presentation attributes are conceptually inserted into a new author style sheet which is the first in the author style sheet collection. The presentation attributes thus will participate in the CSS2 cascade as if they were replaced by corresponding CSS style rules placed at the start of the author style sheet with a specificity of zero. In general, this means that the presentation attributes have lower priority than other CSS style rules specified in author style sheets or Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attributes.
User agents that do not support CSS must ignore any CSS style rules defined in CSS style sheets and Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attributes. In this case, the CSS cascade does not apply. (Inheritance of properties, however, does apply. See Property inheritance.)
An !important declaration ([CSS2], section 6.4.2) within a presentation attribute definition is an invalid value.
Animation of presentation attributes is equivalent to animating the corresponding property. Thus, the same effect occurs from animating the presentation attribute with attributeType="XML" as occurs with animating the corresponding property with attributeType="CSS" (see Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½attributeTypeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢).
XSL style sheets [XSLT] [XSLT2] define how to transform XML content into something else, usually other XML. When XSLT is used in conjunction with SVG, sometimes SVG content will serve as both input and output for XSL style sheets. Other times, XSL style sheets will take non-SVG content as input and generate SVG content as output.
The following example uses an external XSL style sheet to transform SVG content into modified SVG content (see Referencing external style sheets). The style sheet sets the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½fillÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ and Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½strokeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ properties on all rectangles to red and blue, respectively:
mystyle.xsl
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<xsl:stylesheet version="1.0"
xmlns:xsl="http://www.w3.org/1999/XSL/Transform"
xmlns:svg="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg">
<xsl:output
method="xml"
encoding="utf-8"
doctype-public="-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN"
doctype-system="http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd"/>
<!-- Add version to topmost 'svg' element -->
<xsl:template match="/svg:svg">
<xsl:copy>
<xsl:copy-of select="@*"/>
<xsl:attribute name="version">1.1</xsl:attribute>
<xsl:apply-templates/>
</xsl:copy>
</xsl:template>
<!-- Add styling to all 'rect' elements -->
<xsl:template match="svg:rect">
<xsl:copy>
<xsl:copy-of select="@*"/>
<xsl:attribute name="fill">red</xsl:attribute>
<xsl:attribute name="stroke">blue</xsl:attribute>
<xsl:attribute name="stroke-width">3</xsl:attribute>
</xsl:copy>
</xsl:template>
</xsl:stylesheet>
SVG file to be transformed by mystyle.xsl
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<?xml-stylesheet href="mystyle.xsl" type="application/xml"?>
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="10cm" height="5cm">
<rect x="2cm" y="1cm" width="6cm" height="3cm"/>
</svg>
SVG content after applying mystyle.xsl
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg"
width="10cm" height="5cm" version="1.1">
<rect x="2cm" y="1cm" width="6cm" height="3cm" fill="red" stroke="blue" stroke-width="3"/>
</svg>
SVG implementations that support CSS are required to support the following:
The following example shows the use of an external CSS style sheet to set the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½fillÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ and Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½strokeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ properties on all rectangles to red and blue, respectively:
mystyle.css
rect {
fill: red;
stroke: blue;
stroke-width: 3
}
SVG file referencing mystyle.css
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<?xml-stylesheet href="mystyle.css" type="text/css"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1"
width="10cm" height="5cm" viewBox="0 0 1000 500">
<rect x="200" y="100" width="600" height="300"/>
</svg>
View this
example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)
Ä€Ā
CSS style sheets can be embedded within SVG content inside of a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ element. The following example uses an internal CSS style sheet to achieve the same result as the previous example:
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1"
width="10cm" height="5cm" viewBox="0 0 1000 500">
<defs>
<style type="text/css"><![CDATA[
rect {
fill: red;
stroke: blue;
stroke-width: 3
}
]]></style>
</defs>
<rect x="200" y="100" width="600" height="300"/>
</svg>View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)
Note how the CSS style sheet is placed within a CDATA
construct (i.e., <![CDATA[ ... ]]>). Placing
internal CSS style sheets within CDATA blocks is
sometimes necessary since CSS style sheets can include
characters, such as ">", which conflict with XML parsers.
Even if a given style sheet does not use characters that
conflict with XML parsing, it is highly recommended that
internal style sheets be placed inside CDATA
blocks.
Implementations that support CSS are also required to support CSS inline style. Similar to the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute in HTML, CSS inline style can be declared within a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute in SVG by specifying a semicolon-separated list of property declarations, where each property declaration has the form "name: value". Note that property declarations inside the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute must follow CSS style rules, see The 'style' attribute.
The following example shows how the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½fillÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ and Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½strokeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ properties can be specified on a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½rectÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ using the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute. Just like the previous example, the rectangle will be filled with red and outlined with blue:
<?xml version="1.0" standalone="no"?>
<!DOCTYPE svg PUBLIC "-//W3C//DTD SVG 1.1//EN"
"http://www.w3.org/Graphics/SVG/1.1/DTD/svg11.dtd">
<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" version="1.1"
width="10cm" height="5cm" viewBox="0 0 1000 500">
<rect x="200" y="100" width="600" height="300"
style="fill: red; stroke: blue; stroke-width: 3"/>
</svg>View this example as SVG (SVG-enabled browsers only)
In an SVG user agent that supports CSS style sheets, the following facilities from CSS2 must be supported:
SVG defines an @color-profile at-rule ([CSS2], section 4.1.6) for defining color profiles so that ICC color profiles can be applied to CSS-styled SVG content.
Note the following about relative URIs and external CSS style sheets: The CSS2 specification says ([CSS2], section 4.3.4) that relative URIs (as defined in Uniform Resource Identifiers (URI): Generic Syntax [RFC3986]) within style sheets are resolved such that the base URI is that of the style sheet, not that of the referencing document.
Property declarations via presentation attributes are expressed in XML [XML10], which is case-sensitive. CSS property declarations specified either in CSS style sheets or in a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute, on the other hand, are generally case-insensitive with some exceptions ([CSS2], section 4.1.3).
Because presentation attributes are expressed as XML
attributes, presentation attributes are case-sensitive and must
match the exact name as specified in the DTD
(see the SVG.Presentation.attrib entity in the DTD,
which expands to all of the presentation attributes).
When using a presentation attribute to specify a value for the
Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½fillÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ property, the presentation attribute must be
be specified as fill="Ä�ā‚¬Ā¦" and not
fill="Ä�ā‚¬Ā¦" or Fill="Ä�ā‚¬Ā¦". Keyword
values, such as italic in
font-style="italic",
are also case-sensitive and must be specified using the exact
case used in the specification which defines the given keyword.
For example, the keyword sRGB
must have lowercase "s" and uppercase "RGB".
Property declarations within CSS style sheets or in a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute must only conform to CSS rules, which are generally more lenient with regard to case sensitivity. However, to promote consistency across the different ways for expressing styling properties, it is strongly recommended that authors use the exact property names (usually, lowercase letters and hyphens) as defined in the relevant specification and express all keywords using the same case as is required by presentation attributes and not take advantage of CSS's ability to ignore case.
SVG shares various relevant properties and approaches common to CSS and XSL, plus the semantics of many of the processing rules.
SVG shares the following facilities with CSS and XSL:
External style sheets are referenced using the mechanism documented in Associating Style Sheets with XML documents Version 1.0 [XML-SS].
The Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ element allows style sheets to be embedded directly within SVG content. SVG's Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ element has the same attributes as the corresponding element in HTML (see HTML's Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ element).
Attribute definitions:
The syntax of style data depends on the style sheet language.
Some style sheet languages might allow a wider variety of rules in the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ element than in the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢. For example, with CSS, rules can be declared within a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ element that cannot be declared within a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute.
An example showing the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ element is provided above (see example).
Attribute definitions:
The Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½classÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute assigns one or more class names to an element. The element may be said to belong to these classes. A class name may be shared by several element instances. The Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½classÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute has several roles:
In the following example, the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½textÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ element is used in conjunction with the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½classÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute to markup document messages. Messages appear in both English and French versions.
<!-- English messages --> <text class="info" lang="en">Variable declared twice</text> <text class="warning" lang="en">Undeclared variable</text> <text class="error" lang="en">Bad syntax for variable name</text> <!-- French messages --> <text class="info" lang="fr">Variable dĆĀ©clarĆĀ©e deux fois</text> <text class="warning" lang="fr">Variable indĆĀ©finie</text> <text class="error" lang="fr">Erreur de syntaxe pour variable</text>
In an SVG user agent that supports CSS styling, the following CSS style rules would tell visual user agents to display informational messages in green, warning messages in yellow, and error messages in red:
text.info { color: green }
text.warning { color: yellow }
text.error { color: red }
The Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute allows per-element style rules to be specified directly on a given element. When CSS styling is used, CSS inline style is specified by including semicolon-separated property declarations of the form "name : value" within the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute. Property declarations must follow CSS style rules thus CSS defined properties (e.g. 'font-size') when having a <length> value must include a unit (for non-zero values). See SVG's styling properties for a list of CSS defined properties.
Attribute definitions:
The style attribute may be used to apply a particular style to an individual SVG element. If the style will be reused for several elements, authors should use the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ element to regroup that information. For optimal flexibility, authors should define styles in external style sheets.
An example showing the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½styleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute is provided above (see example).
The Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½contentStyleTypeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attribute on the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½svgÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ element specifies the default style sheet language for the given document fragment.
Since the only widely deployed language used for inline styling (in style elements and style attributes) is CSS, and since that is already the default language if contentStyleType is omitted, in practice contentStyleType is not well supported in user agents. XSL style sheets are typically external. If a new style sheet language becomes popular, it might not use style attributes and could easily declare which language is in use with the type attribute on the style element.
The use of contentStyleType is therefore deprecated; new content should not use it. Future versions of the SVG specification may remove contentStyleType.
Whether or not the user agent supports CSS, property inheritance in SVG follows the property inheritance rules defined in the CSS2 specification. The normative definition for property inheritance is the Inheritance section of the CSS2 specification ([CSS2], section 6.2).
The definition of each property indicates whether the property can inherit the value of its parent.
In SVG, as in CSS2, most elements inherit computed values ([CSS2], section 6.1.2). For cases where something other than computed values are inherited, the property definition will describe the inheritance rules. For specified values ([CSS2], section 6.1.1) which are expressed in user units, in pixels (e.g., 20px) or in absolute values, the computed value equals the specified value. For specified values which use certain relative units (i.e., em, ex and percentages), the computed value will have the same units as the value to which it is relative. Thus, if the parent element has a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½font-sizeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ of 10pt and the current element has a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½font-sizeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ of 120%, then the computed value for Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½font-sizeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ on the current element will be 12pt. In cases where the referenced value for relative units is not expressed in any of the standard SVG units (i.e., CSS units or user units), such as when a percentage is used relative to the current viewport or an object bounding box, then the computed value will be in user units.
Note that SVG has some facilities wherein a property which is specified on an ancestor element might effect its descendant element, even if the descendant element has a different assigned value for that property. For example, if a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½clip-pathÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ property is specified on an ancestor element, and the current element has a Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½clip-pathÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ of none, the ancestor's clipping path still applies to the current element because the semantics of SVG state that the clipping path used on a given element is the intersection of all clipping paths specified on itself and all ancestor elements. The key concept is that property assignment (with possible property inheritance) happens first. After properties values have been assigned to the various elements, then the user agent applies the semantics of each assigned property, which might result in the property assignment of an ancestor element affecting the rendering of its descendants.
The following define the scope/range of style sheets:
The user agent shall maintain a user agent style sheet ([CSS2], section 6.4) for elements in the SVG namespace for visual media ([CSS2], section 7.3.1). The user agent style sheet below is expressed using CSS syntax; however, user agents are required to support the behavior that corresponds to this default style sheet even if CSS style sheets are not supported in the user agent:
svg, symbol, image, marker, pattern, foreignObject { overflow: hidden }
svg { width:attr(width); height:attr(height) }
The first line of the above user agent style sheet will cause the initial clipping path to be established at the bounds of the initial viewport. Furthermore, it will cause new clipping paths to be established at the bounds of the listed elements, all of which are elements that establish a new viewport. (Refer to the description of SVG's use of the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½overflowÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ property for more information.)
The second line of the above user agent style sheet will cause the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½widthÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ and Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½heightÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ attributes on the Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½svgÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ element to be used as the default values for the 'width' and 'height' properties during layout ([CSS2], chapter 9).
For the purposes of aural media, SVG represents a stylable XML grammar. In user agents that support CSS aural style sheets, aural style properties ([CSS2], chapter 19) can be applied as defined in CSS2.
Aural style properties can be applied to any SVG element that can contain character data content, including Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½descÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½titleÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½tspanÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢, Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½trefÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢, Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½altGlyphÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ and Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½textPathÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢. On user agents that support aural style sheets, the following CSS2 properties can be applied:
| Aural property | Definition in [CSS2] |
|---|---|
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½azimuthÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.7 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½cueÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.5 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½cue-afterÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.5 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½cue-beforeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.5 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½elevationÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.7 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½pauseÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.4 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½pause-afterÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.4 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½pause-beforeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.4 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½pitchÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.8 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½pitch-rangeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.8 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½play-duringÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.6 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½richnessÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.8 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½speakÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.3 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½speak-headerÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 17.7.1 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½speak-numeralÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.9 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½speak-punctuationÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.9 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½speech-rateÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.8 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½stressÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.8 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½voice-familyÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.8 |
| Ä�ā‚¬ļæ½volumeÄ�ā‚¬ā„¢ | Section 19.2 |
For user agents that support aural style sheets and also support DOM Level 2 Core [DOM2], the user agent is required to support the DOM interfaces defined in Document Object Model CSS ([DOM2STYLE], chapter 2) that correspond to aural properties. (See Relationship with DOM2 CSS object model.)
interface SVGStyleElement : SVGElement,
SVGLangSpace {
attribute DOMString type setraises(DOMException);
attribute DOMString media setraises(DOMException);
attribute DOMString title setraises(DOMException);
};