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<p>Standardizing a set of observations means substracting the mean
from each observation and dividing it by the standard deviation.<P>&nbsp;

<P>The mean is:

<P><IMG SRC="eqmean.gif" WIDTH="221" HEIGHT="147" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3">

<P>The standard deviation is:

<P><IMG SRC="eqstdv.gif" WIDTH="399" HEIGHT="235" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3">

<P>The standarized values of each observation are then:

<P><IMG SRC="eqstandx.gif" WIDTH="429" HEIGHT="373" NATURALSIZEFLAG="3">

<P>As an exercise, substitute Ybar and sd into the above equation.

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